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README
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1995-07-14
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AUTHOR
The author is cristy@dupont.com. Comments, suggestions, or bug
reports are welcome, but be kind.
AVAILABLILITY
Anonymous FTP at export.lcs.mit.edu, file contrib/ImageMagick.tar.Z.
UNIX COMPILATION
Type:
uncompress ImageMagick.tar.Z
tar xvf ImageMagick.tar
cd ImageMagick
xmkmf
make Makefiles
make
If you do not have 'xmkmf', edit 'Makefile' as required by your
hardware environment and type 'make'.
Finally type:
display images/aquarium.miff
display -monochrome -dither images/aquarium.miff
If the image colors are not correct use this command:
display -visual default images/aquarium.miff
You can find other example images in the 'images' directory.
Be sure to read the manual pages for the display, animate, montage,
XtoPS, import, mogrify, and convert utilities.
The ImageMagick utilites read and write MIFF images. Refer to the
end of this message for more information about MIFF. Use `convert'
to convert images to and from the MIFF format.
Some ImageMagick utilities recognizes these `alien' image formats:
GIF
JPEG
Postscript
PPM
RLE
SUN Raster
TIFF
Utah Raster
VICAR
X Bitmap
X Window Dump
and for your convenience automatically converts the alien image
format to MIFF at execution time. However, the MIFF image format has
several advantages over most image formats (i.e. runlength encoding,
digital signature on an image colormap, etc.). ImageMagick is
designed to exploit these advantages. Whenever possible convert an
alien image format to the MIFF format before using the various
ImageMagick programs.
Other alien formats are also recognized. See CONVERT(1) for a list
of valid image formats. You can specify a particular image format by
prefixing the image filename with the image type and a colon (i.e.
mtv:image.mtv).
ImageMagick requires GNU's Ghostscript software available via FTP as
ftp.uu.net:systems/gnu/ghostscript-2.5.2.tar.Z to read the
Postscript format. For ImageMagick to read Postscript files, `gs'
must be in your execution path and the `ppmraw' device must be
recognized. Add it to your 'DEVICE_DEVS' define in your `Makefile'
and recompile.
ImageMagick requires the Independent JPEG Group's software available via
FTP as ftp.uu.net:graphics/jpeg/jpegsrc.v4.tar.Z to read the JPEG image
format.
ImageMagick requires Sam Leffler's TIFF software available via FTP as
sgi.com:graphics/tiff/v3.2beta.tar.Z to read the TIFF image format.
To display images in the JPEG or TIFF format, get the JPEG and TIFF
archives and build ImageMagick as follows:
cd ImageMagick
mkdir jpeg
cd jpeg
zcat jpegsrc.v4.tar.Z | tar xvf -
cp jmemnobs.c jmemsys.c
cp makefile.unix Makefile
make libjpeg.a
cd ..
mkdir tiff
cd tiff
zcat v3.2beta.tar.Z | tar xvf -
cd libtiff
cp Makefile.sun Makefile
make
cd ../..
< edit Magick.tmpl and uncomment JPEG and TIFF lines as instructed >
touch alien.c
xmkmf
make Makefiles
make
You can now display images in the JPEG or TIFF format.
If you have a colormapped X server, the number of unique colors in an
image must first be reduced to match the requirements of your server
before it can be displayed. ImageMagick tries to make the color reduced
image closely resemble the original. However, this process can be
time consuming. To speed it up, ImageMagick trades image quality for
processing time. For the "best" image possible, type
display -colors 256 -dither image.jpeg
or add this to your X resources file:
display.colors: 256
This example assumes your server supports 256 colors. Choose
whatever value is appropriate for your X server. Alternatively if
you intend to view the image frequently, reduce the number of colors
to match the resolution of your X server once and write to a new
image. Then display this new image. For example,
convert -colors 256 -dither image.jpeg image.miff
display image.miff
VMS COMPILATION
Type
@make
set display/create/node=node_name::
where node_name is the DECNET X server to contact.
Finally type:
display images/aquarium.miff
display -monochrome -dither images/aquarium.miff
ANIMATION
An example animation sequence is available from anonymous FTP at
export.lcs.mit.edu, file contrib/ImageMagick.animation.tar.Z Or
alternatively, you can create this sequence yourself. Just look at
README in the scenes directory.
To prevent color flashing on visuals that have colormaps, `animate'
creates a single colormap from the image sequence. This can be
rather time consuming. You can speed this operation up by reducing
the colors in the image before you `animate' them. Use `mogrify' to
color reduce the images:
mogrify -colors 256 scenes/dna.[0-9]*
Note, the image sequence in ImageMagick.animation.tar.Z is already
reduced. Alternatively, you can use a Standard Colormap; or a
static, direct, or true color visual. You can define a Standard
Colormap with `xstdcmap'. For example, to use the "best" Standard
Colormap, type:
xstdcmap -best
animate -map best scenes/dna.[0-9]*
or to use a true color visual:
animate -visual truecolor scenes/dna.[0-9]*
Image filenames can appear in any order on the command line if the
scene keyword is specified in the MIFF image. Otherwise the images
display in the order they appear on the command line. A scene is
specified when converting from another image format to MIFF by using
the "scene" option with any filter. Be sure to choose a scene number
other than zero. For example, to convert a TIFF image to a MIFF
image as scene #2, type:
convert -scene 2 image.tiff image.miff
NOTES
1. If you get a compile error on XTextProperty in PreRvIcccm.h,
change it to _XTextProperty. If you get a compile error on
XVisualIDFromVisual in PreRvIcccm.c, change it to
_XVisualIDFromVisual.
2. 24 bit images are reduced to 244 colors on an 8 bit display to
help prevent colormap flashing. If you want all 256 colors, type
display -colors 256 image.miff
To further help reduce colormap flashing, do not install the
default standard colormap (RGB_DEFAULT_MAP).
3. Machine dependancies:
For MacX, set the DISPLAY variable to host:0.2 for the color
rootless window.
I suspect all the following problems will be fixed when these
vendors upgrade to X11R4. I find conditional compilation
statements offensive. So if you have any of the following
problems, the fix must be applied manually.
MIPS does not always generate exposure events correctly when
displaying a monochrome image on their color server. Holes in the
image may appear when an area is blocked then exposed. I do not
currently have a solution for this problem.
Images do not dislay correctly on the IBM R6000 visual with 4096
colors. However they do display correctly on the visual with 256
colors. Until IBM fixes their server, type xdpyinfo to determine
the ID of the 256 color visual and type
display -visual 0x???? image.miff
On the Stardent put
*installColormap: on
in your X resource file.
Digital and Tektronix has a bug in their servers. When converting
from LSBFirst to MSBFirst X server (or visa-versa) you may get the
error
Illegal unit size: 8 found in routine: _normalizeimagebits
4. On occasion, a window manager (twm) may get in strange state which will
cause the display program to work improperly. Fix this by restarting the
window manager.
5. If the image is displayed with incorrect colors, try using a different
visual. Type xdpyinfo and choose an alternative visual (if one exists)
by either visual class or visual id. For example, to specifically
choose a PseudoColor visual on a server that supports it, type
display -visual pseudocolor image.miff
6. Make sure that the include file math.h defines the function atof as
type double. Otherwise the -gamma option will not work properly.
MIFF IMAGE FORMAT
MIFF is an image format, which I developed. I like it because it
1) It is machine independant. It can be read on virtually any
computer. No byte swapping is necessary.
2) It has a text header. Most image formats are coded in binary
and you cannot easily tell attributes about the image. Use
'more' on MIFF image files and the attributes are displayed in
text form.
3) It can handle runlength-encoded images. Although most scanned
images do not benefit from runlength-encoding, most
computer-generated images do. Images of mostly uniform colors
have a high compression ratio and therefore take up less memory
and disk space.
4) It allows a scene number to be specified. This allows you to
specify an animation sequence out-of-order on the command line.
The correct order is determined by the scene number of each
image.
5) MIFF computes a digital signature for colormapped images. This
is useful for animating a sequence of images on a colormapped X
server. If all signatures match in the image sequence,
computing a global colormap is not necessary.
One way to get an image into MIFF format is to use `convert'. or
read it from an X window using the 'import' program. Alternatively,
type the necessary header information in a file with a text editor.
Next, dump the binary bytes into another file. Finally, type
cat header binary_image | display -write image.miff -
For example, suppose you have a raw red, green, blue image file on
disk that is 640 by 480. The header file would look like this:
id=ImageMagick columns=640 rows=480 :
The image file would have red, green, blue tuples (rgbrgbrgb...).
Refer to the 'display' manual page for more details.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
o Dirk Wetzel <wetzel@forwiss.uni-erlangen.de> fixed the select statement
in animate.c.
o Eric Haines <erich@eye.com> fixed ReadRLEImage in alien.c. It previously
did not check to see if the background color was present in the image.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright 1992 E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company
Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software and
its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
supporting documentation, and that the name of E. I. du Pont de Nemours
& Company not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
distribution of the software without specific, written prior
permission. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company makes no representations
about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided
"as is" without express or implied warranty.
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company disclaims all warranties with regard
to this software, including all implied warranties of merchantability
and fitness, in no event shall E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company be
liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any
damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether
in an action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising
out of or in connection with the use or performance of this software.